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AMERICAN INDIANS AND THE BOOK OF MORMON!







By John D. Keyser







    The Mormon Church, known as the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-Day Saints, claims that The Book of Mormon is divinely
inspired and supplemental to the Bible. Is there any truth to
this?



    First published in 1830, the Book of Mormon reveals three
transoceanic migrations to the Americas by people from the Near
East -- migrations that are not found in any other history. The
first of these peoples (known as "JAREDITES") are reputed to
have come to the New World at the time language was confused at
the Tower of Babel -- circa 2,000 B.C. according to their
dating. It is claimed the Jaredites founded a great civilization
that lasted almost 2,000 years.



    A second migration to the pre-Columbian Americas, so the story
goes, is purported to have taken place in 600 B.C. Led by a
prophet named Lehi, this group is described as Hebrew peoples
from Jerusalem. Lehi's group is said to have been joined a few
years later by a THIRD group under the leadership of Mulek --
also, apparently, Hebrews from Palestine. The peoples of Lehi
and Mulek eventually merged and became known collectively as
"NEPHITES." The Nephites, according to the Mormon Church, were
the ANCESTORS of the American Indians.



    Official Mormon promotional literature describes The Book of
Mormon as "the ancient history of this people, telling of their
wars, movements, kings, and their religion -- which was the
religion of Israel, for these people were Israelites and
practiced the law of Moses" (What is the Book of Mormon?). This
publication continues: "There are archaeological evidences that
have been unearthed in regions of Central and South America.
These remnants of the civilizations that once flowered in the
Western hemisphere are supporting proofs that the Book of Mormon
is true" (page 12).



    While official Mormon promotional literature and activities
continue to make claims of scientific support from the fields of
archaeology and anthropology, there are NO non-Mormon
specialists in these fields who support the premise of an
ancient Hebrew civilization in the pre-Columbian Americas. Not
only that, but many contemporary MORMON scholars no longer
support the theory either!



    Notes the respected authority on Mesoamerica, Michael Coe, in
the "Book of Mormon Archaeology: An Overview," Dialogue: A
Journal of Mormon Thought: "...as far as I know there is not one
professionally trained archaeologist, who is not a Mormon, who
sees any scientific justification for believing the foregoing to
be true, and I would like to state that THERE ARE QUITE A FEW
MORMON ARCHAEOLOGISTS WHO JOIN THIS GROUP" (Vol. 2, No. 8. 1973.
Page 42).



Book of Mormon Geography



    The Book of Mormon describes the world of its inhabitants as an
HOUR GLASS-SHAPED LAND MASS made up of a "land southward" --
surrounded by water except for a "narrow neck" of land
connecting it to a "land northward" (Alma 22:32). The first step
to be taken before archaeology proper can be employed to
evaluate the Book of Mormon, is to determine the geographical
location of these lands. However, when one fully examines Mormon
explanations of Book of Mormon geography, it turns out that
there are TWO very different and MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE theories.



The Traditional Theory: The traditional view, which continues to
receive the support of Church officials, places Book of Mormon
events in the geographical context of the ENTIRE North and South
American continents. This view was unquestioned for nearly 100
years. The Mormon historian Dan Vogel has documented that this
was the view of Mormon Prophet Joseph Smith and successive
generations of Mormon apostles and presidents.



    In the last fifty years, however, many Mormon scholars have
come to the conclusion that the traditional view is untenable.
They base this on a number of INHERENT IMPROBABILITIES that
arise when one attempts to apply Book of Mormon descriptions of
TRAVEL TIMES and POPULATION GROWTH to the vast expanse of North
and South America. For example, while the Book of Mormon makes
it clear that the rival Nephite and Lamanite civilizations were
centered around the "narrow neck" of land in Central America, it
says that they agreed to meet for the final battle at the "hill
Cumorah" (Mormon 6:1-6) which Joseph Smith and Mormon tradition
place in western New York state near the Mormon prophets boyhood
home. It was at this battle that the Nephites were wiped out;
and this incident concludes the Book of Mormon chronology --
circa 421 A.D.



    How (and WHY) the Nephites and Lamanites traveled such a vast
distance for their final battle eludes logic and is not answered
by Mormon material.



    This is not the only major complication for traditional Book of
Mormon geography. The premise of repopulating the vast North and
South American continents from two small groups of transoceanic
immigrations is, to say the lest, far-fetched! According to the
Mormons, the civilization of the first Near Eastern immigrants
to the New World (the "Jaredites" -- circa 2,000 B.C.) was
established on a VIRGIN CONTINENT and ended in self-destruction
2,000 years later. Therefore, as the theory goes, the Americas
were REPOPULATED by the Nephite and Mulekite groups which
arrived in the sixth century B.C. Joseph Smith taught that the
American Indians are descendants of the Lamanites -- a division
of the Nephites.



    Dan Vogel summarizes the extent of the population claims made
for the Nephites in the following manner: "We are told in
Helaman 3:8 that the people 'did multiply and spread, and did go
forth from the land southward to the land northward, and did
spread insomuch that they began to cover the face of the whole
earth, from the sea south to the sea north, from the sea west to
the sea east.' If this statement refers to the entire North and
South American continents, it is an INCREDIBLE ACCOMPLISHMENT in
population growth. However, it is not surprising that the Book
of Mormon author could easily fill the Americas with Nephites
and Lamanites. The Book of Mormon peoples get off to a quick
start. In the short space of two generations they are already
spoken of in terms of 'multitudes' and 'armies' [Jacob 7:17, 21,
25]. And no matter how many thousands are killed in battle, they
keep coming back in still greater numbers" (The New Theory of
Book of Mormon Geography: A Preliminary Examination, p. 34).



The Limited Geography Theory: In order to remove these inherent
impossibilities and attempt to salvage the historicity of the
Book of Mormon, a number of modern Mormon scholars have come up
with several variations of a NEW APPROACH to their geography --
commonly called the "limited geography theory." This view
restricts the Book of Mormon setting to a 350-mile-long stretch
of Central America, with the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
corresponding to the "narrow neck" of the hourglass-shaped land
mass mentioned above.



    This theory is supported by the influential Brigham Young
University anthropologist John L. Sorenson in his book An
Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon (Deseret Books,
1985). However, it is notable that although this is the most
significant contemporary work on Book of Mormon archaeology by a
Mormon scholar, ten years after publication it has never been
reviewed by a scholarly periodical -- either Mormon or
non-Mormon!



    Unfortunately, the limited geography theory simply replaces the
impossibilities of traditional Book of Mormon geography with a
number of basic CONTRADICTIONS of Book of Mormon internal
evidence and official Mormon pronouncements and traditions. It
does NOT resolve the BASIC INCOMPATIBILITY with the
archaeological evidence.



    For example, Sorenson locates the hill Cumorah, scene of the
final epic clash between the Nephites and the Lamanites, in
Central America -- at a site only 90 MILES from the "narrow
neck" (the nexus of Nephite civilization). Now while this
removes the improbable requirement of the traditional view that
has the two armies marching thousands of miles north to
present-day New York state to do battle, it clearly conflicts
with the Book of Mormon description of Cumorah as "an exceeding
great distance" (from the narrow neck) into the "land northward"
(Helaman 3:3, 4). If the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sorenson's
"narrow neck" of land) at 130 miles across, is "narrow," how can
the 90 miles from the "narrow neck" to Sorenson's Cumorah fit
the Book of Mormon description of "an exceeding great  distance"?



    Vogel points out that based on Sorenson's identifications, it
is 155 miles between the Book of Mormon cities of Nephi and
Zarahemla (Kaminaljuya, Guatemala and Santa Rosa, Mexico,
respectively). However, if 155 miles is considered a SHORT
DISTANCE by the Book of Mormon, Sorenson's identifications of
the narrow neck and Cumorah -- which are only 90 MILES apart --
do not accord with the Book of Mormon description of Cumorah as
"AN EXCEEDING GREAT DISTANCE" into the land northward!



    Another MAJOR DISCREPANCY of the limited geography theory is
the absence of what the Book of Mormon refers to as the "sea
north" and the "sea south." According to the traditional view,
these descriptions correspond to the Atlantic Ocean south of
Cape Horn, and the Arctic Ocean north of Canada, respectively.
In fact, the 1888 edition of the Book of Mormon included a note
to this effect at Helamon 3:8.



    Not only that, but since advocates of the limited geography
theory DO NOT question the tradition that Joseph Smith did in
fact retrieve the gold plates of the Book of Mormon from a hill
near his PALMYRA, NEW YORK home, the limited geography theory
requires TWO Cumorahs -- the one in New York and the one in
Mesoamerica. This, of course, means the gold plates (weighing
several hundreds of pounds) would have been transferred
thousands of miles from the one Cumorah to the other -- a highly
unlikely scenario!



    There is yet ANOTHER serious problem for the limited geography
theory: The 45 degree directional skewing that is necessary in
order to fit the various geographical features of the Book of
Mormon into the proposed Central American site, and the COMPLETE
ABSENCE of a "sea north" and a "sea south". These are BASIC
FEATURES of geography in the Book of Mormon.



    Two maps from Sorenson's book (An Ancient American Setting for
the Book of Mormon) illustrate the problem. They clearly show
that the so-called "land northward" and the "land southward" are
in fact oriented along a NORTHWEST-SOUTHEAST LINE, while the
so-called "east sea" and "west sea" are almost DIRECTLY NORTH
AND SOUTH, respectively, of the Book of Mormon lands. Sorenson
vainly attempts to explain this directional skewing by claiming
that the Hebrew means of directional orientation, if applied to
Central America by immigrants arriving from the west, would
necessitate the orientation required by his theory! He asserts
that the Hebrews gained their directional orientation by placing
their backs to the sea (Hebrew: yam, meaning "sea" but also
"west"), so that east (gedem: "fore") would then be in front of
them, south (yamin: "south" or "right hand") to the right, north
(semol: "north" or "left hand") to the left, and west behind
them.



    Talk about convoluted reasoning! Vogel correctly notes that
Sorenson IGNORES Hebrew dependence on the RISING SUN as the
primary means of establishing directional orientation. This
factor, carried over to Sorenson's proposed Central American
site by Hebrew immigrants, would result in the same directional
orientation we use today. This leaves Sorenson's theory with a
SERIOUS FLAW on the issues of directional orientation and the
absence of a "sea north" and "sea south."



    As a result of these conflicts with Mormon authorities, Mormon
tradition, and Book of Mormon internal evidence, the limited
geography theory has been strongly REJECTED and rebuked by the
"spiritual authorities" of the Mormon Church. In 1938 Mormon
apostle Joseph Fielding Smith, Jr., said of the theory:



    This modernistic theory of necessity, in order to be
consistent, must place...the Hill Cumorah some place within the
restricted territory of Central America, NOTWITHSTANDING THE
TEACHINGS OF THE CHURCH TO THE CONTRARY FOR UPWARDS OF 100
YEARS. -- Church News, 10 September, 1938. Pp. 1, 6.



    In the 1966 edition of his highly respected work, Mormon
Doctrine, apostle Bruce R. McConkie recorded that the location
of Cumorah IN NEW YORK STATE is unquestioned because:



    Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and many of the early brethren
who were familiar with the circumstances attending the coming
forth of the Book of Mormon...have left us pointed
testimony...(2nd edition. Bookcraft, 1966. P. 175).



    In 1978 the Church published an official  REBUKE of the
"Limited Tehuantepec Theory," labeling it "harmful" and a
"challenge" to the "words of the prophets concerning the place
where the Moroni buried the records [i.e., Cumorah]" (Deseret
News, Church News 48, No. 30. 29 July 1978).



    It is very obvious that Book of Mormon geography presents
Latter-Day Saints with a SERIOUS THEOLOGICAL DILEMMA! On the one
hand, the traditional view produces a number of hopeless
impossibilities that throw serious doubt on the historicity of
the Book of Mormon; on the other hand, the limited geography
theory rejects the clear pronouncements regarding the Book of
Mormon founder-prophet Joseph Smith and the Church's apostles
and presidents down to today -- and conflicts with Book of
Mormon internal evidence at a number of basic points.



Major Book of Mormon Anachronisms



    A paper delivered by BYU (Brigham Young University) archaeology
professor Raymond T. Matheny at the 1984 Sunstone Symposium in
Salt Lake City, highlights some of the problems in his own
Church's explanations of the Book of Mormon. After working the
area of Mesoamerican archaeology for some twenty-two years,
Professor Matheny comes to the conclusion that scientific
evidence DOES NOT support the theory of a Central American
setting for the peoples and events recorded in the Book of
Mormon.



    To back this up Matheny presents TWO basic lines of argument:
(1) the Book of Mormon introduces a number of MAJOR CULTURAL
ANACHRONISMS into a Central American setting -- in terms of old
world cultural achievements and concepts; and (2) defenders of
the historicity of the Book of Mormon are left with only
esoteric discoveries interpreted APART from generally accepted
scientific standards of archaeological methodology.



Metallurgy



    One of the most significant cultural anachronisms in the Book
of Mormon is the depiction of the Nephite civilization as having
IRON and other METAL INDUSTRIES. We read of METAL swords and
breastplates, gold and silver COINAGE, and even MACHINERY.
However, there is absolutely NO EVIDENCE whatsoever pointing to
any Mesoamerican civilization attaining such an industry during
Book of Mormon times (ending 421 A.D.). Professor Matheny tells
us that a ferrous industry is not a simple feat encompassing a
few people, but a complex process that requires a distinct
social context and leaves almost INDESTRUCTIBLE archaeological
evidence.



    Professor Matheny goes on to note that while esoteric iron
artifacts have been found in a pre-Columbian setting, they must
be accounted for by random means (such as meteorites) because of
the ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE OF A METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY. "Esoteric
finds," states Matheny, "are NOT a basis for scientific
conclusions."



Old World Agricultural Products



    The Book of Mormon also depicts Nephite culture as including a
number of old world agricultural products such as wheat, barley,
grapes, olives and flax (linen). This turns out to be another
MAJOR ANACHRONISM in terms of the archaeological record of
pre-Columbian Central (Meso) American culture. Once again
Matheny points out that a complex economic and social
environment is needed to produce these products as they are
pictured in the Book of Mormon:



    There's a whole system of production of wheat and barley...It's
a specialized production of food. You have to know something to
make flax [the source of linen], and especially in tropical
climates. Grapes and olives...all these are cultures that are
highly developed and amount to systems, and so the Book of
Mormon is saying that these systems existed there.



    But, according to Matheny, there is absolutely NO EVIDENCE for
these agricultural systems in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. He
further notes that a 1983 Science Magazine article on barley
found in a pre-Columbian setting is wrongly claimed as support
for the Book of Mormon because the barley described was not a
domesticated old world barley.



Old World Domestic Animals



    A further set of MAJOR ANACHRONISMS in the Book of Mormon
concerns its references to a number of old world domesticated
animals -- such as cows, sheep, asses, oxen, goats, horses,
elephants and pig. These are claimed to be integral parts of
Nephite culture. Here again, Professor Matheny points out that
these domesticated animals are each specializations that require
cultural complexes NOT PRESENT in pre-Columbian Central America:



    You don't just have a cow or a goat or a horse as an esoteric
pet...There is a system of raising these things, and the picture
that is painted for me as I read this, and others too, is that
we have [in Book of Mormon portrayals]...domestic animals and so
forth in the New World.



    Some defenders of the historicity of the Book of Mormon argue
that these names (cow, oxen, etc.) are simply being used as
substitutes for native New World animals such as peccaries or
tape deer. Is this a valid argument? Not according to Matheny.
He shows persuasively that this is definitely NOT LEGITIMATE
because the Book of Mormon descriptions occur in specific
literary contexts that ASSUME COMPLEX OLD WORLD SYSTEMS for the
raising and functioning of the various domestic animals:



    ...in Alma there...about the thirteenth chapter [18:10; 20:6,
8]...he's using the stable there preparing the horses for King
Lamoni, and also he's preparing the King's chariots because
they're going to take a trip from one city to another over the
royal highway. And also the horses are pastured, no less. So
these are contexts within the Book of Mormon itself.  These are
not just substitutions, it seems to me, but the authors of the
Book of Mormon there are providing the context, they're not
trying to describe a tape deer or something else, it seems to
me. This is a weak way to try to explain the presence of these
names in the Book of Mormon.



    There are many other anachronisms in the Book of Mormon
cultural descriptions of Mesoamerica, such as a money economy,
an understanding of the world as an entire planet and the
movement of the planets, the idea of history and the use of a
lunar calendar.



Grasping at Straws



    It is quite obvious that the efforts of the Mormon Church to
defend the historicity of the Book of Mormon on the basis of
archaeological evidence is in vain! States Professor Matheny: "I
have felt that Mormons...have been GRASPING AT STRAWS for a very
long time trying to thread together all these little esoteric
finds, out of context, and [they] really don't have much meaning
when they're isolated."



    Matheny, and other archaeologists and historians, are unable to
endorse A SINGLE WORK on Book of Mormon archaeology by any of
the various Mormon apologists -- amateur or professional! Even
the magnum opus of Matheny's colleague John L. Sorenson (An
Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon) cannot be
endorsed, and this is THE definitive apologetic work on Book of
Mormon archaeology by a QUALIFIED Mormon scholar. In 1987, two
years after Sorenson's book was published, Matheny responded to
an inquiry about Book of Mormon archaeology by saying --



    I do not support the books written on this subject, including
The Messiah in Ancient America [an earlier book by John
Sorenson] or any other. I believe the authors are making cases
out of too little evidence and do not adequately address the
problems that archaeology and the Book of Mormon present...This
may sound very negative to you but my intent is [to] let you
know that there are very severe problems in this field in trying
to make correlations with the [Mormon] scriptures.



    The bottom line is, Matheny's overall assessment of the
evidence amounts to a BLUNT DENIAL that Mesoamerican archaeology
offers any support for the historicity of the Book of Mormon: "I
would say in evaluating the Book of Mormon that IT HAS NO PLACE
IN THE NEW WORLD WHATSO- EVER."



    Nor is Professor Matheny alone in this assessment. The highly
respected Mesoamerican archaeologist Michael Coe sums it up by
saying: "The bare facts of the matter are that NOTHING,
ABSOLUTELY NO- THING, HAS EVER SHOWN UP IN ANY NEW WORLD
EXCAVATION WHICH WOULD SUGGEST TO A DISPASSIONATE OBSERVER THAT
THE BOOK OF MORMON, AS CLAIMED BY JOSEPH SMITH, IS A HISTORICAL
DOCUMENT RELATING TO THE HISTORY OF EARLY IMMIGRANTS TO OUR
HEMI- SPHERE."



    There is no historical or archaeological evidence to show that
groups of Hebrews from Palestine traveled to Central America and
became the ancestors of the American Indians. This being the
case, WHERE did the American Indians come from? The answer to
that is more intriguing and exciting than anything Joseph Smith
could dream up in his wildest visions!



Entering the Promised Land!



    When Joshua the son of Nun entered the Promised Land at the
head of the children of Israel, he set about implementing the
commands of God regarding the Canaanites in the land:



    When the Lord your God brings you to the land that you are
about to enter and possess, and He DISLODGES many nations before
you -- the HITTITES, Girgashites, Amorites, Canaanites,
Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites, seven nations much larger
than you -- and the Lord your God delivers them to you and you
defeat them, you must doom them to destruction: grant them no
terms and give them no quarter....this is what you shall do to
them: you shall tear down their altars, smash their pillars, cut
down their SACRED POSTS, and consign their images to the
fire....You shall destroy all the peoples that the Lord your God
delivers to you, showing them no pity....The Lord your God will
DISLODGE those peoples before you little by little; you will not
be able to put an end to them at once, else the wild beasts
would multiply to your hurt. The Lord your God will deliver them
up to you, throwing them into utter panic until they are wiped
out. He will deliver their kings into your hand, and you shall
obliterate their name from under the heavens... (Deuteronomy 7:
1-2, 5, 16, 22-24. Tanakh).



    When Joshua and the Israelites crossed the Jordan river just
north of the Dead Sea, they camped awhile at Gilgal, then moved
to take Jericho and Ai. Afterward, they returned to Gilgal
(Joshua 1-8). After making peace with Gibeon, Joshua led the
Israelites through the Valley of Aijalon and defeated the five
Amorite kings (Joshua 9-10). From Makkedah, Joshua launched a
SOUTHERN campaign against Lachish, Hebron, Debir and Gaza.



    Those of the inhabitants who were not put to the sword by the
Israelites, FLED TO EGYPT and sought refuge there. Samuel
Purchas, in his book Relations of the World and the Religions
Observed in All Ages, records this flight: "Procopius...affirms,
that all the seacoast, in those times, from Sidon to Egypt, was
called Phoenicia: and that when Joshua invaded them, they [those
that weren't killed] LEFT THEIR COUNTRY, and FLED INTO EGYPT..."
(1613. Book I, chapter XVIII, p. 85).



    After a victorious campaign, Joshua and the Israelites returned
to Gilgal for a period of time before launching any more
campaigns against the Canaanites. The Canaanites who had fled
the country, however, pushed further into Africa: "...there [in
Egypt] multiplying, [the Canaanites] pierced further into
Africa; where they POSSESSED ALL THAT TRACT, UNTO THE PILLARS OF
HERCULES, speaking half Phoenician" (Ibid., same page).



    Close to the Pillars of Hercules, on the African side, the
vanquished Canaanite refugees built two cities: "They [the
Canaanites] built THE CITY OF TINGE AND TANGER IN NUMIDIA, where
were two pillars of white stone, placed near to a great
fountain, in which, in the Phoenician tongue, was engraven: WE
ARE CANAANITES, WHOM JOSHUA THE THIEF CHASED AWAY" (Ibid., same
page).



    In The Complete Works of Josephus, translated by Wm. Whiston,
is a footnote on page 110 that corroborates Purchas' record --



    Moses Chorenensis sets down the FAMOUS INSCRIPTION AT TANGIER
[TANGER] concerning the old CANAANITES driven out of Palestine
by Joshua thus: "We are those exiles that were governors of the
Canaanites, but have been driven away by Joshua the robber, AND
ARE COME TO INHABIT HERE" -- Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids.
1988.



    From Numidia the Canaanites soon made it across the Straits of
Gibraltar and reached as far north as Scandinavia and the
British Ises. In Ireland they were known as FOMORIAN
SEA-RAIDERS, and they left their memory in many a folk-tale and
legend that have come down to us today.



    The arrival of these sea-raiders in Ireland is recorded by
Geoffrey Keating in The History of Ireland:



    Neimheadh won three battles on the FOMORIANS, namely,
NAVIGATORS OF THE RACE OF HAM, WHO FARED FROM AFRICA; they came
FLEEING to the islands of the WEST OF EUROPE, and to make a
settlement for themselves, and (also) FLEEING THE RACE OF SHEM,
for fear that they might have advantage over them, in
consequence of the curse which Noah had left on HAM FROM WHOM
THEY CAME; inasmuch as they thought themselves to be safe from
the control of the POSTERITY OF SHEM by being at a distance from
them: WHEREFORE THEY CAME TO IRELAND....It is wherefore they
used to be called FOMORIANS, namely, from their being committing
robbery on sea: FOMHORAIGH, i.e. along the seas. -- Vol. 1. The
Irish Texts Society, London. 1902. Pp. 179 & 183.



The Northward Thrust



    After a respite at Gilgal, Joshua and the Israelites thrust
NORTHWARD as far as Hazor, meeting the Canaanite hosts by the
waters of Merom. Here they utterly defeated the combined forces
of the Amorites, HITTITES, Perizzites, Jebusites and Hivites.



    The land of the HITTITES, at the time of the conquest, extended
north of Palestine through Syria to the Euphrates river -- see
Judges 1:26. Following their defeat at the hands of Joshua the
Hittites, along with others of the Canaanites, fled northward
through Syria into ANATOLIA.         Notes Herman L. Hoeh of
Ambassador College:



    So famous were these people, so different from other races,
that they gave their name to all the lands where they migrated.
As late as the Chaldean Empire of Nebuchadnezzar the name HATTI,
or CHATTI, was applied to Syria-Palestine and to part of eastern
Asia Minor. In  Egyptian monuments the true Hittite peoples were
depicted with PROMINENT NOSES, straight or hawked, 'somewhat
broad, with LIPS FULL, the CHECK-BONES HIGH, the eyebrows fairly
prominent, the FOREHEAD RECEDING like the CHIN, and THE FACE
HAIRLESS.' 'The hair is BLACK, the EYES DARK BROWN.' (The Races
of the Old Testament, by A. H. Sayce, page 133) The SKIN COLOR
varied from BROWN to YELLOWISH and REDDISH. Greek tradition
insists the people were a WARLIKE, RUDE PEOPLE, KNOWN FOR THEIR
FRENZIED DANCES AND MUSIC. -- Compendium of World History, Vol.
1. Ambassador College, 1963. Pp. 359-360.



    While some of the refugees from the invasion of Joshua and the
Israelites stayed in Asia Minor and became part of the great
Hittite Empire, a number of them crossed over into EUROPE and
traveled to the area of modern SCANDINAVIA.



    In the Historie af Danmark by Suhm, published in 1775, the
arrival of the Canaanites in Scandinavia is recorded:
"Messenius...says that CANAANITES, which were DRIVEN OUT BY
JOSHUA, came to Scondia which they called henceforth
SCANDINAVIA. This is supposed to have happened 844 YEARS AFTER
THE FLOOD...And Arngrim Jonae, the learned Icelander, insists
that THE CANAANITES, DRIVEN OUT BY JOSHUA, WERE THE FIRST
INHABITANTS OF THE NORTH..." (Page 101).



    By the time Gathelus and his followers (see our article The
Stone That Roared: The Incredible Story of Lia-Fail) reached
Germany in the decades immediately following the Exodus, they
found the Canaanites already in residence there:

    They [Gathelus, Scota and their followers] went at last till
they reached GERMANY; they make a halt in it.

    It is there that there came a troop of the soldiers of the
PICT-FOLK [a name the Canaanites were called by other nations],
on account of the fame and glory of that sea expedition of
Golamh [Gathelus]; they having had knowledge of one another FROM
THE TIME HE WAS IN THRACIA with his people. Each of them
welcomed the other, and they joined their treaty and friendship
on each side. When they were agreed together, the PICTS
[Canaanites] complained to them of the narrowness of THEIR LAND
AND TERRITORY IN THRACIA AND IN PICT-LAND. Golamh [Gathelus]
with his brethren, and his CHILDREN promised that they would
give help and military alliance with them, to contend for
ANOTHER TERRITORY and fair heritage; and that they would be
united against their enemies as though they were brethren; until
that they [Gathelus and his people] should get rest and should
desist from the sea-journeyings and wanderings on which they
were, and that they should reach their native land. The PICTS
[Canaanites] were satisfied with that, and took farewell of
Golamh [Gathelus] thereafter. It is from that treaty and
friendship which the PICTS joined with Golamh that, long
afterwards, the GAEDAL perforce cleared for them THE LAND WHERE
THE PICTS [CANAANITES] ARE, as Golamh [Gathelus] foretold at
that time. -- Leabhar Gabhala: The Book of Conquests of Ireland,
The Recension of Micheal O'Cleirigh. Part I. Edited by
MacAlister & MacNeill. Hodges, Friggis & Co., Ltd. Dublin. 1916.
P. 233.



    Years later HEREMON, the son of Gathelus, would fulfill this
promise.



Hu the Mighty



    In the Welsh TRIADS (traditional chronicles) we find mentioned
a mysterious man by the name of HU THE MIGHTY, who led a group
of settlers from Asia Minor to the isles of Britain.



    E Raymond Capt tells the story:



    ...HU GARDARN HYSCION (ISAACSON?) or "HU THE MIGHTY," led a
party of settlers FROM ASIA MINOR TO BRITAIN. A DESCENDANT OF
ABRAHAM, Hu the Mighty's coming to Britain provides one of the
first recorded instances of the fulfillment of the prophecy
found in Genesis 28:14; that the "seed" of Abraham would spread
abroad, to the four points of the compass.

    The Welsh TRIADS, or "traditional chronicles," give evidence of
HU THE MIGHTY COMING FROM ASIA MINOR. In the Welsh Triad 4, we
read that: "The FIRST of the THREE CHIEFTAINS who established
the colony was Hu the Mighty, who CAME WITH THE ORIGINAL
SETTLERS. They came over the Hazy Sea from the summer country,
which is called DEFROBANI, that is where Constinoblys now
stands." -- Stonehenge and Druidism. Artisan Sales, Thousand
Oaks, Ca. 1979. P. 75.



    Who was this Hu Gardarn -- "Hu the Mighty," a descendant of
Abraham? Herman L. Hoeh reveals the answer --



    When and how did the Children of Israel migrate to WESTERN
EUROPE? The answer is found in Cymbric or WELSH HISTORY.

    A fragmentary Welsh record, called the WELSH TRIAD, reads as
follows: "FIRST was the race of the CYMRY, who came with HU
GADARN to Ynys Prydain." Hu came from "the LAND OF SUMMER" -- a
land located somewhere in what later constituted the realm of
Constantinople (the capital of the eastern Roman Empire). HE
JOURNEYED TO YNYS PRIDAIN -- the Welsh name of the ISLE OF
BRITAIN. This FIRST MAJOR SETTLEMENT preceded the migration in
1149 [B.C.] of BRUTUS of Troy to Britain.

    WHO WAS HU GADARN? Gadarn is a Welsh word. It means the
"MIGHTY." Hu was a short form of the old Celtic name HESUS
(Origines Celticae, by Edwin Guest, vol. 2, p. 9). HESUS is the
Celtic -- and also the Spanish -- pronunciation of JESUS. Was
there a famous "JESUS" who lived in the balmy summerland of the
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN centuries BEFORE the time of Jesus the
Christ? Most certainly! It is found in Hebrew 4: 8, "For if
JESUS (that is, JOSHUA) has given them rest, then would he not
afterward have spoken of another day."

    Jesus was merely the GREEK FORM of the Hebrew name JOSHUA. Hu
or Hesus the Mighty was JOSHUA THE MIGHTY, the great general who
led Israel into Palestine. AND THE WELSH TRIAD RECORDS THAT IN
HIS LATER YEARS HE ALSO SETTLED ISRAEL PEACEABLY IN THE BRITISH
ISLES. From there, for trading purposes, they spread to the
coasts of the Continent which were subject to the GERMAN CYMRY
-- the DESCENDANTS OF THE GERMAN KING CIMBRUS (1679-1635). --
Compendium of World History, Vol. II. Ambassador College,
Pasadena, Ca. 1963. pp. 48-49.



    Settling Israelites in Britain was not the only concern of Hu
the Mighty or Joshua. To the end of his life he was faithful to
the commands of God regarding the people of Canaan. It is
recorded that in the THIRD YEAR of Romus, son of Testa and king
of Spain, a man by the name of "Liber Pater" or Bacchus
(Iacchus) conquered SPAIN and brought it under his sway. "He was
from the EAST. His title belonged to HESUS THE MIGHTY of Celtic
tradition. HESUS WAS JOSHUA (Jesus in Greek). HE PURSUED THE
CANAANITES AND DROVE THEM OUT OF WESTERN EUROPE" (Ibid., pp.
122-123).



    So WHERE did the Canaanites go?



The Dark-Skinned Lapps



    Extending across the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland
and the Kola Peninsula of the old Soviet Union is a region known
as LAPLAND -- most of which lies within the Arctic Circle. The
people inhabiting this area are known as LAPPS, a third of whom
are NOMADIC, living during the winter in the interior and during
the summer on the coast. Other Lapps live permanently in
scattered settlements on the coast and the numerous fjords,
while many are established in villages at the heads of valleys
or on well-stocked lakes. The majority of the Lapps live in
NORWAY, where they are called FINNS.



    According to Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia (Volume 15) "the
principal occupation of the Lapps is HERDING REINDEER, from
which both food and clothing are derived; other occupations are
hunting and fishing" (page 55).



    The lifestyle of the LAPPS in the sixth century A.D. is
mentioned by Procopius, a Byzantine historian who lived circa.
500-565. His observations are discussed by Gwyn Jones in A
History of the Vikings:



    Procopius is eloquent on the subject of the midnight sun, but
his most striking information relates to the SCRITHIFINOI,
Jordane's SCREREFENNAE, THE LAPPS whose way of life was LIKE TO
THAT OF BEASTS. They were a HUNTING PEOPLE who drank no wine and
raised no crops. They had NO GARMENTS OF CLOTH and nothing he
recognized as SHOES; their body's covering derived like its
sustenance FROM THE ANIMALS THEY HUNTED AND SLEW, whose skins
THEY FASTENED TOGETHER WITH SINEWS. Even their children were
nursed differently from the rest of mankind. They knew nothing
of the milk of women nor ever touched their mother's breast, but
were nourished on marrow from the bones of beasts. As soon as a
woman had given birth she THRUST THE CHILD INTO A SKIN which she
afterwards hung from a tree. Then having put marrow in the
child's mouth she went off with her husband a-hunting. -- Oxford
University Press, N.Y. 1984. Pp. 26-27.



    Other characteristics and habits of the LAPPS are mentioned in
The Indian Tipi: Its History, Construction, and Use, by Reginald
and Gladys Laubin --



    In fact, within historic times, we find people living in
CONICAL SKIN TENTS all around the Arctic Circle -- THE LAPPS IN
EUROPE, the Americanoid Yukaghir in Siberia, INDIANS throughout
the entire Mackenzie Area of Canada, among the Caribou Eskimo
west of Hudson Bay, and in Labrador. In ALL these tents we have
the INSIDE CENTRAL FIRE, THE SMOKE HOLE centering around the
crossing of the poles at the top, the EASTERN ENTRANCE, the
PLACE OF HONOR within opposite the door, just AS IN THE TIPIS OF
THE PLAINS INDIANS [of North America]. -- Ballantine Walden
Edition, pp. 1-2.



    Further along, on page 222, these same authors mention a visit
to SWEDEN and an astounding similarity they discovered there:



    On a recent visit to SWEDEN, we went to the National Museum in
Stockholm, where a comprehensive exhibition of LAPP LIFE was
displayed. The LAPPS live in CONICAL TENTS, supported by poles,
SIMILAR TO A TIPI, BUT RATHER MORE LIKE A WIGWAM, having no
smoke flaps and being much smaller than a tipi. Their pole are
dragged by reindeer. These poles were DRILLED WITH SMALL HOLES
NEAR THE BUTTS AND LACED TO A WIDER LEATHER STRAP ATTACHED TO
THE CINCH AND THE PACK SADDLE. The poles were fastened side by
side, one above the other, the small ends dragging on the
ground. Old Coyote, a CROW INDIAN who was with us, declared that
his grandfather told him that THAT WAS EXACTLY HOW HIS PEOPLE
USED TO DRAG THEIR POLES. -- Ibid.



    Who were these rude people who were nomadic in nature and lived
in American Indian style tipis or wigwams in the northern limits
of Scandinavia? According to S. Gusten Olson "the Icelander
Arngrim Jonas (Jonsson Arngrimr) believed that the LAPPS were to
be reckoned among the DESCENDANTS OF THE CANAANITES (Sven Bring,
Svea Rikes Historia, p. 45)"



    When Joshua invaded Scandinavia "the LAPPS [or the CANAANITES]
and the (northern) Finns...[FELL] BACK TO THE EXTREME NORTH OF
THE COUNTRY, leaving behind them archaeological vestiges and
traces in the geological names of the country. They [THE LAPPS]
were the SWEDISH INDIANS, receding before the advance of a
POWERFUL CONQUERING RACE [Joshua and the ISRAELITES]" (With the
World's People, by Ridpath. Vol. VII).



    Notes S. Gusten Olson (The Incredible Nordic Origins):



    In Skandinaviska Nordens Ur-Invanare [by Sven Nilsson] one can
read of researching to learn the origin of a culture which was
FOREIGN to the Scandinavian countries. Nilsson mentions
"archaeological relics in the earth and the contemporary
traditions among the people. The former, because of their
beautiful shapes and above all their strange, drawn figures,
POINT TO THE ORIENT -- PHOENICIA AND EGYPT; the latter point
just as clearly to an old CANAANITE-PHOENICIAN SUN WORSHIP. I
have followed these traces as carefully as I have been able." --
Nordica S.F. Ltd., Kent, England. P. 14.



    Clearly, the present-day Lapps are the descendants of the
Canaanites (known to Greek and Roman writers as PIKI and PEUKINI
respectively) whom Joshua and the Israelites expelled from
Western Europe and Scandinavia.



The Flight to Ireland



    The northern limits of Scandinavia was not the only area the
fleeing Canaanites migrated to. Bede, in his Historia
Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, records where else the Canaanites
traveled to: "It happened that the nation of the PICTS coming
into the ocean from Scythia, as is reported, in a few LONG
SHIPS, the winds driving them about beyond all the borders of
Britain, ARRIVED IN IRELAND, and put into the northern coasts
thereof, and finding the nation of the SCOTS there, requested to
be allowed to settle among them..." (Book 1, chapter 1).



    Seumas MacManus also tells the story of the arrival of the
Canaanites in Ireland --



    It was in his reign [Heremon, son of Gathelus], continues the
legend, that the CRUITNIGH or PICTS ARRIVED FROM THE CONTINENT.
They landed in the southwest, at the mouth of the river Slaney
(Inver Slaigne). A tribe of Britons who fought with poisoned
arrows were at the time ravaging that corner of the Island. The
PICTS helped to drive out the marauders, and in reward were
GRANTED A SETTLEMENT THERE, from Crimthann, the chief of that
quarter. Afterwards they had an outfall with Crimthann -- and it
was decided that they should be PASSED INTO ALBA (SCOTLAND). --
The Story of the Irish Race. Pp. 11-12.



    Heremon, King of Ireland from 1433-1418 B.C., remembered the
promise his father Gathelus made to the Canaanites when he
passed through Germany with his people many years earlier.



    Bede, the English historian and theologian (673-735), recalls
how Heremon kept his father's charge: "That after the Britons,
coming over from Armorica, as it was reported, being at the
south, had made themselves masters of the greatest part of the
island, it happened that the NATION OF THE PICTS, coming into
the ocean from Scythia [Scandinavia], arrived first in IRELAND,
whence, BY THE ADVICE OF THE IRISH [Heremon and his people],
they sailed over into Britain, and began to inhabit THE NORTHERN
PARTS [SCOTLAND] thereof, for the Britons were possessed of the
southern" (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum).



    Due to their friendship, Heremon gave the Canaanite chiefs
wives of his own people: "The three PICTISH CHIEFS were given
IRISH WIVES to take to Alba with them, on condition that
henceforth their ROYAL LINE should descend according to the
FEMALE SUCCESSION -- which, it is said, was henceforth the LAW
among the Alban PICTS" (The Story of the Irish Race, p. 12).



    The wives that Heremon gave the Canaanite PICTS were widows of
his brothers who perished in the invasion of Ireland.



    In the Annals of the Caledonians, Picts, and Scots we read of
the arrival of the Canaanites in Ireland after their long
journey from the East --



    General Vallancey [states] that a "colony recorded in the Irish
history are said to be the CRUITI, or CRUITNI, or PEACTI": "As a
Chllathamhnas Eiremoin tangadur Cruitnith no Peacti, sluagh do
thriall on Tracia go Eirinn"...[i.e. IN THE REIGN OF EREMON, THE
CRUITI, OR CRUITNI, OR PEACTI, MIGRATED FROM THRACE TO IRELAND.]
Herodotus, he says, places the PACTYAE and CRITHOTI in THRACIA
CHERNOSESUS. "These PEACTI or PACTYAE," he adds, "are not the
PICTI, or woad-painted Britons, (the Welsh,) described by
Caesar. They  are distinguished by the Scots by the name of
PEACTI, a word that sounds exactly as PACTYAE." (Collectonea de
rebus Hibernicis, IV. xvii. xix.) So, according to this, THE
PICTS OF IRELAND ARE THE PACTYAE OF THRACE. -- By Joseph Ritson.
Vol. II. W.& D. Laing, Edinburgh. 1828. Footnote p. 97.



    Earlier, on page 80, Ritson quotes Pinkerton as saying: "IN
THEIR ORIGINAL SEATS ON THE EUXINE [BLACK SEA], Greek and Roman
writers call them PIKI and PEUKINI; being the real names of
PIHTS and PEUHTS mollified, and rendered more distinct (I. 367).
The PEUKINI, from every ground of cool probability, were the
very first BASTERNAE who passed over [the Bosporus], and
proceeded NORTHWEST, till they emerged under the name of PICTI,
the PIHTAR, or PEOHTAR, or  PIHTAR of the Saxon Chronicle,
PEHITI of Witichind, and PEHTS of ancient Scottish poets."
(Dissertation, p. 176).



The Land of Thrace



    At this juncture we should digress a little and locate the area
known as "THRACE." This will help us to understand the
migrations of the Canaanites who fled from Joshua and the
Israelites and, at a later time, were led from Thrace to
Scandinavia under the leadership of a royal scion of the House
of Judah.



    "Thrace," notes the Encyclopedia Britannica, "[is] a name
applied at various periods to  areas of different extent....The
boundaries of the ROMAN PROVINCE OF THRACE were -- north, the
Haemus; east, THE EUXINE SEA [BLACK SEA]; south, the Propontis,
the HELLESPONT and the Aegean; and west, the Nestus. The
distinguishing features of the country were the chain of Rhodope
(Despotodagh) and THE RIVER HEBRUS (Maritza)." "The HEBRUS,"
continues the Britannica, "with its tributaries, drains almost
the whole of THRACE" (1943 edition. Vol. 22, p. 159).



    Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia defines the boundaries of
Thrace in much the same manner, adding that "the THRACIANS were
a barbaric, warlike people who established their own kingdom in
the 5th century B.C." (Vol. 23, p. 140). Also, the Thracian
tribes tattooed themselves, thus being distinguished from the
Celtic tribes.



The Man called Odin



    As time elapsed the region of Scandinavia (and particularly the
peninsula of Denmark) became a chief area of trade and commerce.
It was strategically located to dominate both the North and
Baltic sea trade. So, together with the original German tribes
of the CYMRY and DAUCIONES were migrants from Britain -- the
HEBREW CYMRY transplanted by Hu the Mighty or Joshua. "In 1040
[B.C.]" relates Herman L. Hoeh, "the HEBREW CYMRY called for a
DESCENDANT OF JUDAH, A ROYAL SCION OF THE HOUSE OF TROY, to rule
over them." "ODIN," continues Hoeh, "answered the call and led a
migration OUT OF THRACE into DENMARK and neighboring regions"
(Compendium of World History. Vol. II. Ambassador College, 1963.
P. 50).



    Also known as WODEN, WOTAN and DAN, Odin is the foremost hero
of Norse mythology and, as such, was worshipped by the pagan
forebears of the Anglo-Saxons, the Scandinavians, the Germans
and THE CANAANITES in their midst! As the chief god of the
northern pantheon, he is said to have been the father of several
legendary kings. "His exploits and adventures," notes the
Encyclopedia Britannica, "are a common theme in the poetic and
prose Eddas. Here his character is distinguished rather by
wisdom than martial prowess, and reference is frequently made to
his skill in poetry and magic" (Vol. 16, 1943 edition. P. 704).



    Human sacrifices were frequently offered to ODIN, especially
prisoners taken in battle; and the worship of ODIN seems to have
prevailed chiefly, if not solely, in military circles. He was
known to the Anglo-Saxons as WODEN, and to the Germans as WODAN
(WUOTAN).



    Writes Herman L. Hoeh: "In Danish history he is also called DAN
I. He was the FIRST ODIN or VOTAN -- from the Hebrew ADONAI
meaning 'lord.' Denmark originally received its name from the
TRIBE OF DANAAN. It passed to the king who took the name of the
subjects whom he ruled" (Compendium of World History, Vol. II,
p. 43).



    The magazine Wake Up!, in its August 1980 issue, explains that
"whilst such deification of ancestors can only be deplored,
there is firm reason to assert that ODIN WAS A MIGHTY LEADER OF
THE ISRAEL PEOPLE during their westward trek from ancient
Scythia [which included Thrace] -- the region to the north of
the BLACK AND CASPIAN SEAS -- towards the fringe countries of
the North Sea" (Covenant Publishing Co., Ltd. London. P. 18).



    King DAN I, or ODIN, commenced his reign in Scandinavia in the
year 1040 B.C. and his line, the sagas reveal, stretch all the
way back to TROY! "The repeated assertions and implications,"
notes The Link magazine, "that the families descended from ODIN
(or WODEN) derive from the ANCIENT TROJAN KINGS (often thought
to belong to the fanciful category) may indeed prove to have
FIRM FOUNDATION IN TRUTH."



    "Several factors," continues this publication, "provide
evidence which is harmonious with such a claim. Ancient
classical and extra-Biblical sources indicate that the TROJAN
KINGS were of the ROYAL LINE OF JUDAH and that they were closely
related to other ROYAL FAMILIES IN IONA, GREECE AND CRETE. The
early British king-line is traditionally DESCENDED THROUGH THE
TROJAN KINGS, and the kings of Ireland are stated to have sprung
from the MILESIAN ROYAL FAMILY in IONA into which 'Pharaoh's
daughter' married."



    "Accepting these sources," notes the magazine, "the royal
families of the NORTHERN NATIONS OF EUROPE -- Irish-Scottish,
Early British, Frankish, Norwegian -- are all of the SCEPTRE
TRIBE OF JUDAH and the many intermarriages of these royal lines
would thus all be within the one great royal family of which so
much is prophesied in Scripture. Queen Elizabeth II has stated
that she is WODEN-BORN" (Dec. 1981. Christian Israel Foundation,
Walsall, England. P. 117).



    The genealogy of Odin is traced by Gladys Taylor when she
states that "the royal families of England [and] Wales...sprang
from BRUTUS THE TROJAN, while those of the SCANDINAVIAN
COUNTRIES came from ODIN, whose genealogy," she confirms, "as
given in the Prologue to the Prose Edda, is traced TO PRIAM KING
OF TROY..." (The Magnet of the Isles. The Covenant Book Co.,
Ltd. London, 1971. P. 37).



    From Priam Herman L. Hoeh traces Odin's lineage all the way
back to Jacob! (See Compendium of World History, Vol. II. P. 48).



    With ODIN when he migrated from Thrace to the area of
Scandinavia was a MIXED THRONG of people -- including the
Pactyae or Picts who, as we have seen, were descendants of the
CANAANITES Joshua drove out of the Promised Land. Julius
Firmicus, an early writer, recorded that "in Ethiopia all are
born black; in Germany, white; and IN THRACE, RED." At the time
of Odin's great migration Thrace was populated by the children
of Tiras, son of Japheth, as well as various of the Canaanite
tribes who had fled from Canaan as the Children of Israel
invaded the land.



    Elucidates Herman L. Hoeh:



    It was FROM THRACE that ODIN led THE AGATHYRSI and OTHER TRIBES
to northwestern Europe when he founded the Danish kingdom.

    Many of the warriors employed by the early princes of western
Europe were FIERCE, OF SWARTHY SKIN, NAKED AND OFTEN TATTOOED
AND PAINTED. Strabo, the Roman geographer, wrote that AREAS OF
IRELAND AND BRITAIN were inhabited "by MEN ENTIRELY WILD."
Jerome, writing in one of his letters in the fifth century,
characterizes some of them as CANNIBALS. -- Compendium of World
History, Vol. II. P. 86.



Journey to the New World



    Shortly after arriving in Scandinavia, ODIN embarked on a
venture that was to take him, along with his followers,
thousands of miles across the ocean to a mystical land shrouded
in legend. The record of this voyage is found in The Popul Vuh
-- the Quiche Mayan book of creation. Originally written in
MAYAN hieroglyphs, it was transcribed in the Spanish alphabet in
the sixteenth century. This book is considered the most
important text in the native languages of the Americas, and
begins with the deeds of MAYAN gods in the darkness of a
primeval sea and ends with the radiant splendor of the MAYAN
LORDS who founded the QUICHE KINGDOM in the GUATEMALAN HIGHLANDS.



    Who were these MAYAN LORDS who founded the Quiche kingdom?
Where did they come from?



    In The Popul Vuh are recorded the migrations and wanderings of
their ancestors. Notes Herman L. Hoeh: "It traces their origin
EASTWARD ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN to the OLD WORLD. Other
Indians had similar origins of having to cross A GREAT BODY OF
WATER FROM THE NORTHEAST to reach their present land"
(Compendium of World History, Vol. II. P. 88).



    The author of The Popul Vuh records it this way: "They also
multiplied there IN THE EAST....All lived together, they existed
in GREAT NUMBERS and walked there in the EAST....There they were
then, in great numbers, the black man and the white man, many of
many classes, men of many tongues....The speech of all was the
same. They did not invoke wood nor stone, and they REMEMBERED
THE WORD OF THE CREATOR AND THE MAKER..." (English version by
Goetz and Morley. Pp. 171-172).



    The MAYA record continues: "...THEY CAME FROM THE EAST...they
left there, from that great distance....THEY CROSSED THE SEA"
(Pp. 181, 183). Time past and the descendants of the original
migrants sought to establish their kingdom and authority over
the people: "And then they remembered what had been said about
THE EAST. This is when they remembered the instructions of their
fathers. The ancient things received from their fathers were not
lost. The tribes gave them their wives, becoming their
fathers-in-law as they took wives. And there were THREE OF THEM
who said, as they were about to go away: 'We are GOING TO THE
EAST, WHERE OUR FATHERS CAME FROM,' they said, then they
followed their road...There were only THREE [who went across the
sea], but they had skill and knowledge....They advised all their
brothers, elder and younger, who were left behind. They were
glad to go: 'We're not dying. We're coming back,' they said when
they went, yet it was these same three who WENT CLEAR ACROSS THE
SEA. And then they ARRIVED IN THE EAST; THEY WENT THERE TO
RECEIVE LORDSHIP" (Translated by Dennis Tedlock. A Touchstone
Book, published by Simon & Schuster. N.Y. 1986. P. 203).



    Where did these Quiche Maya journey to? From what line of great
kings in the EAST did they receive their royal authority? To the
successors of the GREAT RULER who conducted their ancestors to
the USUMACINTA RIVER IN MEXICO circa 1000 B.C.! And WHO was this
"great ruler"?



    In The Two Babylons, compiled by Alexander Hislop, the author
tells us that "from the researches of Humboldt we find that THE
MEXICANS CELEBRATED WODAN AS THE FOUNDER OF THEIR RACE, just as
our own ancestors did. The WODAN or ODIN OF SCANDINAVIA can be
proved to be the [same as]...the WODAN OF MEXICO..." Continues
Hislop: "...the fact that that name had been borne by some
illustrious hero among the supposed ANCESTORS OF THE MEXICAN
RACE, is put BEYOND ALL DOUBT by the singular circumstance that
THE MEXICANS HAD ONE OF THEIR DAYS CALLED WODANSDAY, exactly as
we ourselves have" (Loizeaux Brothers, N.J. 1959. Pp. 133-134).



    Is it mere coincidence that the MAYAS claim that their kingdom
was founded by a great EASTERN RULER NAMED ODEN OR VOTAN OR DAN
by some of their tribes? According to legend he was a WHITE MAN
who CAME BY SEA FROM THE EAST and settled them in their new
land. When did this occur? TEN CENTURIES BEFORE THE TIME OF
CHRIST, notes the historian Ordonez!



    Comments Herman L. Hoeh --



    This VOTAN -- who was also worshipped as a god -- was famous
for having himself journeyed to a land where a great TEMPLE was
being built.

    Do we have a king in Europe, living at the time SOLOMON'S
TEMPLE was being built (around 1000 B.C.), who had dominion OVER
THE SEAS, who was worshipped as a God, and whose name sounded
like Votan? Indeed -- WODEN or ODIN, KING OF DENMARK from
1040-999 [B.C.]. He was worshipped later as a great god.
Scandinavian literature is replete with accounts of his DISTANT
JOURNEYS which took him away from his homeland for many months,
sometimes years. -- Compendium of World History, Vol. II. P. 91.

    In the Native Races of the Pacific States, by Hubert H.
Bancroft, we find that ODIN gave his name to the "FOREST OF DAN"
in the land of the QUICHE INDIANS -- just as KING ODIN or DANUS
gave his name to DENMARK (DANMARK) (Pp. 163 & 549 -- Vol. V).
Also, "DAN...founded a monarchy on the GUATEMALAN PLATEAU" (Vol.
I, p. 789). Odin's capital in Mesoamerica -- built for the
Canaanites he brought from the east -- was called AMAG-DAN.



    So here we have the records of a DANISH KING sailing across the
ocean to Mesoamerica and planting COLONIES OF RED MEN FROM
EUROPE in the YUCATAN and GUATEMALAN HIGHLANDS -- as early as
1000 years before Christ! It is a FACT that Mesoamerican
traditions universally assign WHITE LEADERS to every major
recorded historic migration of the AMERICAN INDIAN from
northwestern Europe.



    In The Annals of the Cakchiquels -- Lords of Totonicapan we
find a direct reference to the RACIAL ORIGINS of the kings and
nobles who led and governed the Canaanites in the New World.



    Notice --



    These, then, were the THREE NATIONS OF THE QUICHES [MAYANS --
the Cauecs, the Greathouses and the Lord Quiches], and they came
from where the sun rises, DESCENDANTS OF ISRAEL, of the same
language and the same customs....When they arrived at the edge
of the [Red] sea, BALAM-QITZE [a native title for one in a
religious office] touched it with his staff and at once A PATH
OPENED, which then closed up again, for thus the great God
wished it to be done, BECAUSE THEY WERE SONS OF ABRAHAM AND
JACOB. So it was that those THREE NATIONS [the "mixed multitude"
of Exodus 12:38] passed through, and with them THIRTEEN OTHERS
CALLED VULKAMAG [the 13 tribes of Israel -- including
Levi]....We have written that which by tradition our ancestors
told us, who came from the other part of the sea, WHO CAME FROM
CIVAN-TULAN, BORDERING BABYLONIA. -- Translated by Delia Goetz.
University of Oklahoma Press, 1953. P. 170.



    On page 169 of the same translation we read: "...came from the
other part of the ocean, FROM WHERE THE SUN RISES."



    In the Mesoamerican dialects the mysterious CIVAN-TULAN in the
above passage means "A PLACE OF CAVES OR RAVINES." Could this be
the region of PETRA where Moses led the Israelites? Petra is
famous for its caves, and deep ravines. Herman Hoeh notes that
"CANAANITE HIVITES, mixed with Egyptian stock, dwelt at Petra,
or Mt. Seir, at the time of the Exodus (Genesis 36:2, 20, 24).
They lived at peace with the Hebrews."



    The area of Petra was, at that time, DOMINATED BY MIDIAN. A
high priest who visited the land of Midian and MOAB in Moses'
day was called BALAAM -- almost the EXACT-SAME SPELLING as the
title BALAM used by the priests of the QUICHE-MAYA!



    It is obvious, then, that the people LED BY ODIN across the
Atlantic to Mesoamerica were NOT exclusively the sons of Tiras
from Thrace; some tribes were called CHIVIM, reports Ordonez the
early Spanish writer. It is the very Hebrew spelling used for
the English word HIVITES, some of whom once LIVED IN MT. SEIR --
the LAND OF CAVES NEAR BABYLONIA!



The Mysterious "Olmec"



    About the same time ODIN led the people across the Atlantic to
the New World, a mysterious culture came to full bloom in
Mesoamerica. Called the OLMEC, The Facts On File Dictionary of
Archaeology states that they were "a Mesoamerican group whose
heartland lay in the low-lying swampy areas of the southern
Veracruz and Tabasco provinces of Mexico. Since their CULTURAL
ZENITH occurred in the MIDDLE PRE-CLASSIC [1000-300 B.C.], they
are often proposed as the earliest civilization in Mesoamerica"
(edited by Ruth D. Whitehouse. N.Y. 1983. P. 363).



    This publication goes on to say that "the OLMEC were apparently
GREAT TRADERS, but they are particularly noted for the variety
and high quality of their art, especially their ceramic and jade
figurines. Massive basalt heads depicting thick-lipped men in
tightly fitted helmets have been found at all the major centres.
They are also noted for a distinctive black, white-rimmed kaolin
pottery....it is clear that the OLMEC were controllers of a
widespread trade network."



    Charles Gallenkamp adds the following information:



    Olmec culture is known mainly from THREE important ruins: LA
VENTA, TRES ZAPOTES, and SAN LORENSO....their influence was
extremely widespread. Unmistakably OLMEC TRAITS are found in
archaeological sites EXTENDING FROM THE VALLEY OF MEXICO TO EL
SALVADOR, and some authorities view the OLMEC as a kind of
"MOTHER CULTURE" that played a vital role in stimulating the
RISE OF CIVILIZATION throughout the area. -- Maya: The Riddle
and Rediscovery of a Lost Civilization. Third edition. Viking
Penguin, Inc. N.Y. 1985. Pp. 67-68.



    The existence of the OLMEC culture in Mexico and Central
America, along with terraced pyramids (similar to SUMERIAN
ZIGGURATS), calendrical systems, mathematics and sculptured
figures WITH BEARDS or Negroid features implies, to many
observers, "a CONNECTION with such peoples as the...PHOENICIANS,
HITTITES... or CARTHAGINIANS" -- all of whom were CANAANITES!
(Ibid., p. 44).



    The Olmec civilization was that which developed from the group
Odin planted in the New World 1,000 years before Christ!



Trail of Dots!



    With the fall of the Persian Empire in 331 B.C., the last
remaining CANAANITES in Asia Minor disappeared from the area.
Many other nations who had been held in virtual slavery gained
their freedom at this time -- including the House of Israel. In
the year 331-330 the Israelites, along with the remnant of
Canaanites and some other races, journeyed out of this area to
the northwest, eventually arriving in Scotland.



    The supreme god of the Canaanites (Hittites) living under the
Persian Empire (just prior to its downfall) was the WEATHER-GOD.
Archaeologists have uncovered representations of this deity,
MOUNTED ON BULLS, at sites all across the map of Europe!
"Archaeological sites that have yielded representations of
DEITIES MOUNTED ON BULLS leave a 'MIGRATORY TRAIL' of dots
across the map [of Europe]. The route runs from the SYRO-HITTITE
AREA, ALONG THE DANUBE, TO THE LOWER RHINE AND THE BRITISH
ISLES" (The Hittites: People of a Thousand Gods, by Johannes
Lehmann. The Viking Press, N.Y. 1977. P. 269).



    Theodor Bossert, a leading Hittitologist, included a map
showing all the sites that have yielded this deity (STANDING OR
SITTING ON A BULL) in his book Altanotolien. The map clearly
shows that the sites RUN A STRAIGHT LINE from SYRIA to BOGAZKOY
[in Anatolia] and FROM THERE ALONG THE DANUBE TO THE RHINE, with
an offshoot veering left to Italy. This god mounted on a bull is
the HITTITE WEATHER-GOD. A particularly fine example from the
Roman period, portrays him complete with all his attributes
(e.g. thunderbolts and DOUBLE-AXE) and riding a BULL, was found
at HEDDERNHEIM, now part of FRANKFURT-AM-MAIN, early in the
present century.



    Johannes Lehmann was puzzled by the finds of the so-called
weather-god mounted on a bull, and posed this question: "One
interesting question is WHY Hittites should have made the
Weather-god their supreme deity rather than any other. Although
the obvious answer...seems logical enough, it is not borne out
by the SYMBOL OR DISTINGUISHING FEATURE of the Weather-god
himself" (The Hittites: People of a Thousand Gods. P. 269).



    Lehmann goes on to say that "this [symbol or distinguishing
feature], as are known from Yazilikaya, WAS THE BULL, which
invariably appeared in his company. THE GOD RODE THE BEAST, wore
its horns on his helmet and was actually REPLACED BY IT in his
temples, which NEVER housed an effigy of the god himself, ONLY A
BULL...."



    The author then answers his own legitimate question with a
preposterous theory: "The BULL-CULT would have symbolized a
COMET just as the goddess Ishtar symbolized love, the sun-god
the sun, the moon-goddess the moon or the Lord sabaoth of the
Old Testament the 'Lord of Hosts.'" (Ibid.).



    What, then, did this "weather-god" mounted on a BULL represent?



    If we turn to the thirty-third chapter of Deuteronomy we read
about Moses' final blessing on the Israelites just before his
death. Starting with the tribe of Reuben he blesses each in turn
until he comes to the twin-tribe of JOSEPH. Notice what Moses
said:



    And of JOSEPH he said:....His glory is like a firstborn BULL,
and his HORNS are like the HORNS of the wild OX; together with
them he shall push the peoples to the ends of the earth; they
are the ten thousands of Ephraim AND they are the thousands of
Manasseh. -- Deuteronomy 33:13, 17. NKJV.



    The BULL became the SYMBOL of Joseph in particular and the
symbol of JACOB in general. As the Israelites fell into apostasy
they started to worship the bull as a symbol of their father
Jacob and also as a symbol of power. As they moved through
Europe they took the BULL-WORSHIP with them; and the rituals
associated with it persisted in Europe for thousands of years.



    Over the years the BULL became the SYMBOL of the House of
Joseph, and "the early inhabitants of BRITAIN swore by the
BRAZEN BULL, and used the SYMBOL OF AN OX OR A BULL commonly, AS
A REPRESENTATIVE FIGURE FOR THEIR PEOPLE....THE TRIBAL EMBLEM OF
JOSEPH WAS A BULL and/or heifer according to various accounts.
The people of Britain still use this symbol on the coat of arms.
It is there called a unicorn. Also "JOHN BULL" is SYMBOLIC for
the nation or people of Britain" (In Search of the Lost Ten
Tribes, an unpublished manuscript by Raymond F. McNair. P. 100).



    The BULL, therefore, (in the representations uncovered across
Europe) represents the House of Joseph in particular or the
Israelites in general. The "trail of dots" shows the migration
route of Israel from the Syro-Hittite area to the British Isles.



    The Hittite weather-god MOUNTED ON THE BULL shows that the
Canaanite element in the Hittite Empire accompanied, or were led
by the Israelites in their migration.



    Further archaeological proof of the Canaanites' movements can
be found in the skeletons unearthed in Asia minor:

    Measuring techniques have become so ACCURATE that RACIAL
CHARACTERISTICS are now distinguishable with a FAIR DEGREE OF
CERTAINTY. The HITTITES, too, can be studied from this aspect.
In 1958 the Deutche Orientgesellschaft devoted its 71st
scientific publication to some HITTITE GRAVES discovered six
years earlier in the immediate vicinity of the capital, HATTUSA,
below a spur of rock named Osmankayasi after the owner of the
neighbouring field. Excavation of this burial-ground yielded 50
cremation burials and 22 skeletons.



    Continues the author --



    Taken in conjunction with other finds made in ANATOLIA, these
human remains enabled experts to distinguish THE HITTITES FROM
OTHER RACES. To quote the publication mentioned above: 'If we
temporarily disregard the human types portrayed in Hittite art
and focus our attention on SHAPE OF SKULL ALONE, THE HITTITES
can be typologically classified....During Anatolia's PRE-HITTITE
PERIOD [prior to approximately 1447 B.C.], or in the
Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages, NARROW-SKULLED TYPES are
found. In the MIDDLE BRONZE AGE [after about 1447 B.C.]...
BRACHYCEPHALIC TYPES occur in the CENTRAL ANATOLIAN REGION.
After...the COLLAPSE OF THE CENTRAL HITTITE EMPIRE [331 B.C.] --
these gave way to DOLICHOCEPHALICS who were later (in Greek and,
more particularly, Roman times) succeeded by the BRACHYCEPHALICS
who still predominate in our own day. The likely inference is
that HITTITE SETTLERS [from Canaan] INTRODUCED THESE
BRACHYCEPHALIC SKULLS INTO CENTRAL ANATOLIA [in the Middle
Bronze Age].' -- The Hittites: People of a Thousand Gods, pp.
83-84.



    Wherever the Canaanites went as they traveled across Europe,
they left BRACHYCEPHALIC skulls of their dead as markers of the
route they took.



The Arrival in Europe



    The later movements of the Canaanites were recorded by Tacitus
in his book Germania. He mentions that "some tribes... appeared
BETWEEN THE RHINE AND WESER during the centuries IMMEDIATELY
PRECEDING OUR ERA. Called the CHATTI [a variation of HATTI, or
HITTITE], they were a TOUGH AND WARLIKE PEOPLE who excelled
their neighbours in the martial arts (Germania, XXIX et seq.)"
(Ibid., p. 80).



    Their movements in Europe are also recorded under the name or
title of PICT. Joseph Ritson says "that a people of AQUITAIN
GAUL, upon the seacoast (now POITOU), is called by Caesar,
Strabo, Pliny, and others, PICTONES. PICTAVI (now POITIERS) was
their city; whence they are afterward, in the Notitia Gallica,
by Gregory of Tours and others, called also PICTAVI or
PICTAVIENSES..." (Annals of the Caledonians, Picts, and Scots.
P. 84).



    Ritson goes on to mention:



    The PICTONES were a considerable nation of the Celtae
[actually, they were NOT Celts at all but fellow-travelers] (to
whom Caesar allots A THIRD PART OF GAUL [FRANCE]), and inhabited
A LARGE DISTRICT TO THE SOUTH OF THE LIGER OR LOIRE, bordering
upon the northern ocean, now THE BAY OF BISCAY. Between this
people and the PICTS, if not absolutely the same, there is at
least this resemblance, that BOTH appear, as is already said, to
have been called PICTONES. Flaccus Alcovinus, who flourished in
780, and wrote a Latin poem, "De pontificibus et santis
ecclesiae Eboracensis," (apud Historiae Britannicae scriptores,
xx. a Gale, I. 705,) and makes frequent mention of the PICTS,
has in one instance this line (v. 68):



"Donec PICTO FEROX timido simul agmine fugit."

(Till the FIERCE PICT fled, with a fearful herd.)



    This, therefore, is an ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE, that PICTO, a PICT,
PICTONES, the PICTS, was a common name as well of the GALLIC, as
of the CALEDONIAN [SCOTLAND] PICTS. -- Ibid., pp. 85-86.



    From the Continent the Canaanites or PICTS set sail for
Britain. Their route is uncovered by Ritson:



    The PICTS, before their arrival and settlement in the NORTH OF
BRITAIN [SCOTLAND], seem to have established themselves in the
ORCADES, or ORKNEY ISLANDS. We have this FACT on the authority
of Nennius. "After an interval," he says, "of many years, (from
the time, that is, of HELI THE HIGH PRIEST, when BRITO [BRUTUS]
reigned in Britain, and Posthumus, his brother, over the
Latins,) not less than 900 [aprox. 249 B.C.], the PICTS came and
OCCUPIED THE ISLANDS WHICH ARE CALLED ORCADES; and afterwards,
from the neighbouring isles, wasted many and not small regions,
and OCCUPIED them in the left (i.e. north) part of BRITAIN, and
remain to this day. THERE THE THIRD PART OF BRITAIN THEY HELD,
and hold till now." An additional proof of their being settled
IN THESE ISLANDS, is afforded by an epistle, or certificate, in
legal form, of Thomas de Tulloch, bishop of Orkney and Zetland,
to Eric, king of Denmark and Norway, in 1403; wherein he informs
him, that in the time of Harold Harfager, first king of Norway,
An. 900, the land or country of the ISLANDS OF ORKNEY was
inhabited and cultivated by two nations; that is to say, the
PETS and the PAPES (PETI et PAPAE); which two nations had been
radically and entirely destroyed by the Norwegians of the race
or tribe of the most strenuous prince Ronald, as well as by the
name of "PICTS, or PIGHTS HOUSES," which appears to be still
given to certain ancient buildings in those parts. -- Annals of
the Caledonians, Picts, and Scots. Pp. 99-100.



    From the Orkneys the Picts moved on into Scotland. The
19th-century author Pinkerton "maintains the ancient Caledonians
to be PICTS, or PIKS...but...at the same time, that SCOTLAND was
held by the Cumri, or Cimbri, or Cimmerii, two different people;
and that the CIMBRI, 'who held all Germany,' were CELTS (I. 13,
15), and 'HELD SCOTLAND TILL THE PIKS CAME AND EXPELLED THEM'
(I. 16, 39); asserting, moreover, that 'THE PIKS CAME FROM
NORWAY TO SCOTLAND [by way of the Orkneys]' (I. 15)."



    Pinkerton goes on to say "the PIKS were really the VIK VERIAR
OF NORWAY...and were...settled in that part of BRITAIN which
lies NORTH OF THE CLYDE AND FORTH, LONG BEFORE THE TIME OF
JULIUS [CAESAR]" (Annals of the Caledonians, Picts, and Scots.
Pp. 74-75).



    Further, he notes, "the CIMBRI held Scotland TILL THE PIKS
["FROM NORWAY"] CAME AND EXPELLED THEM; an event which happened
about 200 YEARS BEFORE CHRIST. These Cimbri were driven by the
PIKS down below Loch Fyn, and the Tay, and, after, beyond the
firths of Forth and Clyde...."



    These same PIKS (or PICTS) who took control of Scotland from
the Cimri were, according to Pinkerton, "the PEUKINI...the PIKI
OF ANCIENT COLCHIS [country on the east shore of the Black Sea],
who inhabited the ISLE OF PEUKE, AT THE MOUTH OF THE DANUBE."
Thus the Picts of Scotland are connected with Asia Minor and the
Canaanites who dwelt there under the Hittite Empire.



Traits of the British Picts



    As the Romans pushed northwards in Britain, they inevitably
came to what is very roughly speaking the present national
boundary from the Tweed to Solway, along the southern face of
the Cheviots. Here they came across "ANOTHER RACE, EXTREMELY
WARLIKE AND FIERCE." Notes Charles MacKinnon: "They were
formidable enough to halt the Roman advance for a time, and the
Romans called them CALEDONIANS, but from the start they seem to
have been nicknamed PICTS" (Scottish Highlanders. Barnes & Noble
Books, N.Y. 1984. P. 24).



    Although most of the Picts disappeared from Scotland at a later
date, a small number of them survived down to the eighteenth
century. The characteristics of this remnant are recorded by
Herman L. Hoeh in his Compendium of World History --



    In the eighteenth century, Martin, in his volume Western
Islands of Scotland, remarked that the COMPLEXION of the natives
of the isle of Skye was "for the most part BLACK;" and the
nations of Jura were "generally BLACK OF COMPLEXION," and of
Arran, "generally BROWN, and some of a BLACK COMPLEXION." The
inhabitants of the Isle Gigay were "fair or BROWN in
complexion." The AMERICAN INDIAN -- commonly called the RED MAN
-- varies from COPPER-BROWN to almost BLACK, and, of course,
almost white in some tribes.

    And the famous literary companions Johnson and Boswell several
times took notice of the SWARTHY COLOR of some of the natives in
THE NORTH AND WEST OF SCOTLAND (Croker's Boswell, 1848, pp.
309-310, 316, 352). "There was great diversity in the faces of
the circle around us," wrote Boswell; "some were AS BLACK AND
WILD in their appearance AS ANY AMERICAN SAVAGES whatever." "Our
boatmen were rude singers, and seemed SO LIKE INDIANS, THAT A
VERY LITTLE IMAGINATION WAS NECESSARY TO GIVE ONE AN IMPRESSION
OF BEING UPON AN AMERICAN RIVER."

    A writer at the beginning of the nineteenth century
characterized the people of Harris: "In general the natives are
of SMALL STATUE....THE CHEEK BONES ARE RATHER PROMINENT. THE
COMPLEXION IS OF ALL TINTS. Many individuals are as DARK as
mulattoes, while others are as nearly as fair as Danes"
(Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, No. VII, pp. 142, 143).

    In Pennant's Second Tour, 1772, is a line drawing of the
WIGWAMS of the half-breed natives of the SCOTTISH ISLAND OF
JURA. Here are natives, LIKE AMERICAN INDIANS, living in THE
REMOTE ISLANDS OF EUROPE [as well as LAPLAND and SIBERIA], whose
last remnants [in Scotland] died out as late as the beginning of
the nineteenth century. -- Vol. II. Pp. 86-88.



    S. Gusten Olson also admits that "in Britain, the PICTS were a
STRIKING PARALLEL TO AMERICAN INDIANS" (The Incredible Nordic
Origins. P. 13).



The Vanishing Picts!



    "The first race to DISAPPEAR [from Scotland] were," writes
Charles MacKinnon, "the PICTS, and 'DISAPPEAR' THEY DID." He
goes on to say that "according to the latest information today
[as of 1984], however, nobody yet knows...what happened to them.
Nor do we know what language they spoke, except that it was NOT
the Gaelic of the Scoto-Irish invaders from Antrim who brought
Irish civilization to Scotland....

    "The mystery lies in the fact that thereafter [the time of
Kenneth McAlpin -- circa 843 A.D.] THE PICTS DISAPPEARED
ENTIRELY. There are theories about great battles and about
treachery during which Kenneth killed all the Pictish royal
family and their nobles, BUT NOBODY KNOWS EXACTLY WHY THE
LANGUAGE, ORAL TRADITIONS ABOUT THEIR ORIGIN, THEIR CUSTOMS AND
EVEN THEIR REAL NAME (for PICTS was a Latin nickname) VANISHED.
They DID VANISH, however, and the smaller kingdom of DALRIADA
gave Scotland its name, its language (Gaelic), its customs and
its rulers" (Scottish Highlanders. Pp. 24, 26-27).



    What happened to the wild Picts? Where did they go -- or were
they indeed exterminated by the invading Scots? Herman L. Hoeh
poses the same question -- but also gives us a clue! "The WILD,
UNSETTLED PICTS later DISAPPEARED from Scotland. Where? --
historians do not know. But SCOTTISH HISTORY tells!"



    The KEY to the history of Mesoamerica has been lost; and not a
single historian or archaeologist seems to know the TRUE ORIGIN
of American Indian civilization. Why? Because they have THROWN
OUT the KEYS to that history. One of the keys, as we have seen,
was found in Danish history in the person of ODIN who took the
first great migration of Canaanites to the New World. The second
KEY -- and probably the most important -- is to be found in the
tumultuous history of rugged SCOTLAND.



    The nation of the Scots was completely DRIVEN OUT OF SCOTLAND
by the ROMANS in the year 376 A.D. The PICTS, and other groups,
who remained in the land as allies of Rome were soon turned upon
and miserably oppressed. Rebellion broke out and the Roman
Legions dealt severely with the fleeing rebels. In desperation
the PICTS sought, and obtained, Scottish help to drive out the
Roman forces and their British allies.



    Herman Hoeh tells the story --



    The Romans soon turned on the Cruithne -- who were still
dwelling in Pictland along with the WILD PICTS. The Cruithne
were miserably oppressed. After three decades they came to an
agreement with the SCOTS and promised to restore the Scots to
the throne if they would deliver them from [Roman] oppression.
The son of Erc or Erp returned in 408 at the head of a Scottish
army, delivered the Cruithne and restored the
throne...(Compendium of World History. Vol. II, P. 80).



    Hoeh then asks the question: "But what befell those WILD,
TRIBAL PICTS who gave their name to the Cruithne -- and who
PAINTED THEMSELVES? Remnants of them continued to be referred to
AS LATE AS THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Most of the population,
however, DISAPPEARED IN 503 upon the coming of the Milesian
Scots out of Ireland under the leadership of Fearghus mac Erc"
(Ibid., p. 83).



    What indeed befell the WILD PICTS -- the people who left the
many strange and fascinating monuments and artifacts in the
NORTHERN ISLES OF BRITAIN?



    Not only was there a MAJOR MIGRATION in 503 A.D., but there was
an EARLIER one in 376 A.D. Notice --



    No continuous history of the QUICHE-MAYA civilization is
extant. We have to turn to the VALLEY OF MEXICO for a DIRECT and
surprising CONNECTION with the movement of events IN SCOTLAND
where dwelt the PICTS and the MAIATAI (Greek for MAIA fold [this
is where the word "MAYA" comes from]).

    From SCOTTISH HISTORY...it [is] established that MAJOR
MIGRATIONS OCCURRED IN THE YEARS 376 -- when the Scots and
allies were driven out and the PICTS miserably oppressed -- and
IN 503 -- when the Scots from Ireland drove out most of the
remaining WILD PICTS or PAINTED MEN. Where did these folk flee
to? Can we establish a direct connection between these events in
PICTLAND with the history of MIGRATION TO THE VALLEY OF MEXICO
OF THE TOLTECS and others in the New World?

    Indeed we can. -- Compendium of World History, Vol. II, pp.
94-97.



    Herman Hoeh continues --



    Now compare this with the MIGRATION OF THE TOLTECS and their
WHITE chieftains to Mexico. The historian of the TOLTECS was
Ixtlilxochitl. He reports several MIGRATIONS over the centuries.
But the one he takes special note of -- for its chronological
import -- COMMENCED IN 387 (See Bancroft's Native Races of the
Pacific States, Vol. 5, pp. 209, 214.) The events were these --
a REBELLION broke out that led to a protracted struggle for
eight years. The rebels were finally forced to FLEE IN 384 for
protection. After remaining 3 years (to 387) they continued
their  LENGTHY MIGRATION. It was now 11 years after the initial
rebellion. Eleven years before 387 is 376 -- THE VERY YEAR THE
ROMANS DROVE OUT THE SCOTS AND SUPPRESSED THE PAINTED RED MEN OF
PICTLAND! Is this mere coincidence? THEIR MIGRATION TOOK THEM
OVER WATER AND LAND TILL THEY REACHED JALISCO IN MEXICO. To do
so they must have landed in the traditional area of the
USUMACINTA RIVER, crossed the isthmus, and coasted to JALISCO on
the southern extremity of the Gulf of California. After
wandering many years they settled in TULANCINGO. "The third year
of their stay in Tulancingo completed...one hundred and four
years since the departure from the country," records Bancroft
from Ixtlilxochitl (vol. V, p. 213). (The 104 years compose two
Indian calendar cycles of 52 years each). It was now 488.

    At TULANCINGO they remained another 15 years -- to 503. In 503
THEY MIGRATED TO THE VALLEY OF MEXICO TO THE REGION OF LAKE
TEXCOCO. What caused them to migrate in 503? Is this a
significant date in SCOTTISH HISTORY? Indeed. THAT WAS THE YEAR
THE SCOTS FROM IRELAND FINALLY SETTLED IN SCOTLAND AND DROVE THE
WILD PICTISH TRIBES OUT OF THE COUNTRY.

    Strengthened by a NEW INFLUX of migrants, the TOLTECS journeyed
(IN 503) to the already settled shores of the lake on which
MEXICO CITY now stands. There, at TULLAN, for six years the
Toltecs lived under a theocratic republic, each chief directing
the movement of his band in war and directing their needs in
times of peace....(Ibid.).



    Modern historians have often carelessly discounted the value of
these Indian records. But archaeology is now forcing a renewed
respect for the history and traditions of Mesoamerica as
preserved by the native writers during the earliest periods of
the Spanish colonial period.



    From Mesoamerica the Canaanites spread throughout the New
World. Where the Canaanite HITTITES migrated to from Central
America should surprise no one. Reports Herman L. Hoeh: "The
ONLY people of this description -- BEARING THE NAME CHATTI, that
is, HITTITES -- warlike and rude, were found scattered
throughout much of NEW ENGLAND AND THE PLAINS OF NORTH AMERICA
after the voyage of Columbus to the New World....The name CHATTI
was the COMMON intertribal name of the great CIVILIZED INDIAN
NATIONS of New England and the great plains of North America"
(Compendium of World History, Vol I. P. 360).



    In the great westward expansion of the 19th century these
tribes were uprooted and, in a lot of cases, exterminated.



Traders and Seamen



    The history of Mesoamerica reveals another group of people that
have all the characteristics of the ancient Canaanites --
specifically the PHOENICIANS. Known as the PUTUN (this name has
the                    of the word PUNT or PONT, whence came
PUNIC and PHOENICIAN), this group has also been identified with
the ITZA -- as revealed by Charles Gallenkamp: "J. Eric
Thompson, who studied this problem [who the ITZA really were] in
depth identified the ITZA as a GROUP CALLED THE PUTUN or
Chontal, a Maya-speaking people who INHABITED THE COAST OF
TABASCO AND CAMPECHE. Famed as LONG-DISTANCE TRADERS AND SEAMEN,
the PUTUN...expanded into Yucatan and settled at CHICHEN-ITZA
around A.D.981, bringing with them many earmarks of Mexican
culture. When Quetzalcoatl and his TOLTEC FOLLOWERS arrived at
Chichen-Itza from TULA in 987, they were cordially received by
the PUTUN-ITZA, whose own Mexican [?] AFFINITIES encouraged them
to enter into an ALLIANCE with the Toltecs" (Maya: The Riddle
and Rediscovery of a Lost Civilization. Viking Penguin, Inc.
N.Y. 1985. Pp. 167-168).



    Investigations have confirmed that PUTUN-ITZA influence was
very extensive and that they maintained close COMMERCIAL TIES
with the peoples of Central Mexico -- including the Toltecs.
Reports Charles Gallenkamp --



    As warriors and MERCHANTS they were EXTREMELY AGGRESSIVE, and
throughout the Postclassic Period they CONTROLLED TRADE ROUTES
that extended from the Gulf Coast of Mexico around the Yucatan
Peninsula to Honduras. It is also probable that the TOLTEC
influences so firmly imprinted on the ruins of Chichen-Itza may
be attributable to the PUTUN. Quite possibly they either
fostered incursions into Yucatan by the Toltecs (with whom the
Putun regularly TRADED) or they were allied with Toltec warriors
brought in by the Putun-Itza TO PROTECT THEIR FAR-FLUNG TRADING
NETWORKS. -- Ibid., p. 168.



    The Yucatan was not the only scene of PUTUN incursions into the
territory of the Maya. "By the middle of the NINTH CENTURY
[A.D.]," writes Gallenkamp, "the PUTUN had penetrated the
southern lowlands, pushing their way up to the USUMACINTA RIVER
and along the Rio Pasion to Seibal and Altar de Sacrificios."



    With the Putun came new, sophisticated types of ceramics known
as FINE ORANGE and FINE GRAY which were widely traded in many
areas. They incised strange Mexicanized portraits of their elite
on stone monuments at Seibal which almost certainly (according
to the experts) represent PUTUN LORDS who seized control of the
city. These date from 850-900 A.D.



    "Among the invading armies," notes Gallenkamp, "were
WELL-ORGANIZED MILITARY ORDERS using the EAGLE and JAGUAR as
their symbols. Newly introduced weapons included cotton armor,
atlatls, SLINGS, and obsidian-edged swords, and there was an
INCREASED EMPHASIS ON MILITARISM in ALL phases of political and
religious life. HUMAN SACRIFICE began to be practiced on a SCALE
NEVER BEFORE APPROACHED in the Classic period, with the ruthless
TOLTEC-ITZA soldiers assuming a vital ritualistic function as
providers of CAPTIVES FOR SACRIFICIAL PURPOSES" (Ibid., pp.
169-170).



    The PUTUN had all the earmarks of their ancestors the
Canaanites!



Another Route to the New World?



    All modern historians and anthropologists say that the American
Indians have their roots in Asia and crossed the Bering Sea to
Alaska at some remote time in history. Claims the Funk &
Wagnalls New Encyclopedia: "Most anthropologists believe that
the majority of Indians are descended from a generalized ASIATIC
MONGOLOID population and that they left ASIA before the
development of the traits characteristic of Asiatic Mongols. The
Indians migrated to the Western Hemisphere from northern Asia
about 20,000 B.C., or earlier, VIA THE BERING STRAIT or the
Aleutian Islands. Some anthropologists believe that a second and
later migration brought peoples with increasingly pronounced
MONGOLOID TRAITS to the Western hemisphere."



    According to the encyclopedia: "The Indians subsequently spread
through North and South America, from the Arctic Regions to the
Strait of Magellan, and through the islands of the Caribbean
Sea" (Funk & Wagnalls, Inc. N.Y. Vol. 2, p.7).



    The Encyclopedia Britannica (1943 edition) states that it is
practically certain that the peopling [of North America] took
place FROM SIBERIA VIA BERING STRAIT, other land bridges to
America being geologically too ancient to have served man....It
follows that the RACIAL ORIGIN of the American Indian has to be
sought IN ASIA. The findings of anthropometry bear out the
inference. The Indian belongs obviously to the MONGOLOID
DIVISION of the human species. He is BROWN SKINNED, with
STRAIGHT, STIFF, BLACK HEAD HAIR, a MINIMUM OF BEARD AND BODY
HAIR, a definitely BROAD FACE (in popular parlance, HIGH CHEEK
BONES), and moderate prognathism. These traits are  consonant
among Indians, as among East Asiatics....The relations of the
American Indian are...to the MONGOLOID STOCK as a whole rather
than to any specific Mongolian people. THEY ARE PROBABLY CLOSEST
TO THE EAST SIBERIANS" (Volume 16, p. 504).



    Can this be true? Did the ancestors of the American Indians
cross to the New World via the Bering Strait? If this is true,
doesn't it blow everything I have just written right out the
window? Conversely, how could ALL of the "experts" in today's
scholarly community be wrong? What about the Indian traditions
-- do any of the tribes trace their ancestry back across the
Bering Sea to Siberia? Let us take a look.



    Long before great cities of steel and glass arose above the
landscape of the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, this
area was the home to another nation -- an almost forgotten
nation with its own traditions, history and past heroes. With
the arrival of the Europeans this nation was shattered and swept
away to become mute entries in encyclopedias and works of
history of the white man. But all was not lost. It left behind
-- in ancient pictographs -- a record of its history to give us
a last glimpse of Ancient America. This account is called the
WALLAM OLUM (the RED RECORD), and the people who recorded it are
the LENNI LENAPE -- later named the "DELAWARE INDIANS."



    In The Red Record: The Oldest Native North American History,
translated and annotated by David McCutchen, we read --



    The aboriginal source of the RED RECORD, the Lenni Lenape, or
"ORIGINAL PEOPLE," were widely known and respected among the
Indian tribes. With a deep knowledge of their past and a
tradition of PICTOGRAPHIC RECORDS, the Lenni Lenape were
uniquely qualified to write this chronicle of ancient heroes and
events. -- Avery Publishing Group Inc., Garden City Park, N.Y.
1993. P. 4.



    Anthropologist Werner Muller (Pre-Columbian American Religions)
adds --

    In the long chain of tribes along the East Coast, one ethnic
group stands out, not only in the European written sources but
also in the judgment of the Indians themselves. This remarkable
group was the DELAWARE, called in their own language the LENNI
LENAPE. They had a special status in the eyes of many other
Indian peoples: they were reverenced as the 'grandfathers,'
representatives, after a fashion, of authority and legality. --
P. 162.



    The Wallam Olum (the Red Record) is the record of the Delaware
Indians' ancient history -- told in the form of an epic song.
"Recorded in pictures and words, the saga tells of the rise to
glory of the Lenni Lenape and their great Lenape family, also
called the ALGONQUIANS, the most populous and widespread Native
American language group in ancient North America. The Delawares
today firmly believe that this is the record of their past" (The
Red Record: The Oldest Native North American History. P. 4).



    The RED RECORD begins its narrative with the Lenape accounts of
Creation and of the great flood of Genesis 7. It continues with
the crossing of the Lenape people FROM SIBERIA INTO THE NEW
WORLD, and of their encounters with the people who were already
inhabiting the North American continent. It includes a TIME
SCALE covering more than a THOUSAND YEARS, and an ACCURATE
RECORD of their travel over THOUSANDS OF MILES from the cold
wastes of Arctic Siberia to the Eastern Seaboard of the U.S.



    "The compressed, evocative nature of the words of the Red
Record," writes translator David McCutchen, "is consistent with
descriptions of the Lenape language. William Penn, for example,
called the language 'lofty, yet narrow, but LIKE THE HEBREW; in
Signification full, like short-hand in writing; one word serveth
the place of three, and the rest are supplied by the
Understanding of the Hearer...And I must say, that I know not a
Language spoken in Europe, that hath words of more sweetness or
greatness, in Accent and Emphasis, than theirs'" (The Red
Record, p.16).



Crossing the Sea



    To retrace the migration of the Lenni Lenape to the New World,
we must project ourselves into the remote wilderness of Siberia,
and into the most distant historical past revealed in the Red
Record. The eastern part of Siberia is vast -- as large as the
continental United States. To the north, the cold, dry tundra of
the NORTH SLOPE extends eastward in a long peninsula of barren
mountains leading to the Bering Strait. In the center are the
evergreen taiga forests, situated beyond low ranges of windswept
mountains. These vast forests are watered by the great LENA
RIVER -- a river longer than the Mississippi.



    To the west, Siberia extends all the way to the Ural Mountains,
and for about a third of its area -- from the Urals to some
distance beyond the Yenisey River -- is a great plain with few
sharp elevations. Sloping generally downwards, from south to
north in the west part of this area, are large tracts of swamp
punctuated with thousands of small lakes.



    The shore of the Arctic Ocean is low and flat. Almost the
entire north section of Siberia, extending from the Arctic Ocean
south for almost 250 miles, is TUNDRA -- treeless and marshy
plains that are perpetually frozen to great depths. The tundra
surface thaws sufficiently in summer to permit short-lived
vegetation (such as perennial mosses, lichens, and stunted
shrubs) to grow, providing support for the migrating REINDEER
HERDS.



    The evidence in the words and symbols of the Red Record clearly
show how, from the cold mountains of their first home, the
LENAPE HUNTERS FOLLOWED THE HERDS OF REINDEER and the rivers
northward -- spreading into the snowy TUNDRA of the NORTH SLOPE.
When their enemies (the Snake people) fled eastward across the
rugged and barren wastelands, THE LENAPE PURSUED THEM UNTIL THEY
REACHED EASTERN SIBERIA. Hard-working and ingenious, the Lenapi
prospered, living off the herds in the plains of Eastern Siberia.



    Notes David McCutchen: "The traditions of the Lenni Lenape, as
recorded by Heckewelder in a later time when they were known as
the Delaware Indians, state that their ancestors came out of a
LAND OF ICE AND SNOW in the FAR NORTHWEST of the continent.
Other traditions of their closest relatives -- the NANTICOKES,
the SHAWNEE, and the MOHICANS -- give even more detail,
including what may be descriptions of THE ACTUAL CROSSING OF THE
BERING STRAIT itself" (Ibid., p. 38).



    A Shawnee legend describing an exploration of the New World was
recorded from an oral story related by an old Shawnee at Piqua
in Ohio in 1823. It describes in great detail AN ANCIENT ARCTIC
HOME, and how and why their ancestors crossed the ocean -- which
in the legend is called the GREAT SALT LAKE. "...At some
indefinitely remote past, they had arrived at the main land
after CROSSING A WIDE WATER. Their ancestors succeeded in this
by...walk[ing] over the water as if it had been land."



    The symbols and words found in the Red Record clearly show that
this crossing was accomplished on a BRIDGE OF ICE; and this
event is echoed by a NANTICOKE legend put down in writing in
1767 by the missionary Charles Beatty --



    They came to a GREAT WATER. One of the Indians that went before
them tried the depth of it by a long pole or reed, which he had
in his hand, and found it too deep for them to wade. Upon their
being nonplused, and not knowing how to get over it, their God
made a BRIDGE over the water in one night, and the next morning,
after they were all over, God took away the bridge. -- Journal,
p. 21.



    The MOHICANS, also closely related to the Lenni Lenape,
recalled this event. According to Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, in his
Lenape and Their Legends, "the Mohican's description reflects
the strong currents characteristic of the BERING STRAIT, as well
as its abundant marine life, with great numbers of whales
migrating between the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean" (Pp.
136-137).



    Even the mighty CHEYENNE, a LENAPE TRIBE of the great plains,
have a tradition of this crossing. In an extraordinary narrative
they recall:



    ...having lived in a land that was perpetually covered with ice
and snow. Trying to escape the continual rule of Hoimaha [the
winter storm], they started EASTWARD toward the sun. After many
years, they came to a NARROW NECK OF SEA at a time when the
water was frozen. As the people were about halfway across the
frozen water, one of the young women discovered a horn sticking
out of the ice.

    The horn took her fancy. Even in these difficult times of
moving, the women and the children made sliding sticks from
horns and managed to enjoy life a little more. The woman wanted
this horn, for it was large and long, and would make a splendid
sliding stick. She tried to pull the horn out of the ice, but
the harder she pulled, the tighter the horn seemed to be
imbedded. Finally, she called to her relatives for assistance.
Some of the men came and helped her. But, like her, they were
unable to pull the horn out. Then, they began to cut the horn,
for they liked the girl and wanted to make her happy. As they
cut deeper into the horn, blood spurted out in great gushes.

    The people were frightened and grouped together on both sides
of the men who had been cutting the horn. Just as they realized
that the horn must be that of a monster, they felt a great
tremor and knew that the monster must be struggling below the
FROZEN WATER. Before anyone could move away, the ICE suddenly
broke, the horn disappeared, and a great chasm appeared. Some of
the people were drowned. Many of them found themselves before an
ever-widening channel of water, so they had to retreat to the
land from whence they had come. THOSE ON THE SIDE TOWARD THE SUN
watched their friends retreat; then, saddened by the insuperable
gulf between them, they took flight onward IN PURSUIT OF THE SUN
and moved INTO THE EAST and THE NEW LAND. Never have these
people -- the Tsi-Tsi-Tsas [Cheyenne] -- forgotten this story.
-- Horn In The Ice, by Dusenberry. P. 12. Recorded in a personal
interview with Rufus Wallowing, Lame Deer, Montana, 1955, who
had heard it in 1951 from Frank Old Bird, age 80, of the
Southern Cheyenne.



    So where does this leave us? The evidence of modern scholars
AND the traditions of the Lenni Lenape seem iron-clad. Some of
the North American tribes must have come from Siberia --
crossing over the Bering Strait into the New World. Does that
mean that the Indians come from Mongoloid stock rather than from
Canaanite stock? Not at all! Notice!



    The Red Record indicates that the Lenni Lenape were centered
around the LENA RIVER in Central Siberia. In fact, LENAPE is
derived from LENA -- the river that sustained them for a time in
their wanderings. The words and symbols of the Record indicate a
movement from this area northeast to the regions of the
Indigirka and Kolyma Rivers. Here, to this day, can be found
remnants of the Lenape who were left behind when their people
migrated eastward toward the Bering Strait.



    This remnant, described by the Encyclopedia Britannica, is
known by the name of YUKAGHIR --



    The Yukaghir are a Palaeo-Siberian tribe, mainly found now
between the Kolyma and Indigirka rivers and occupied in HUNTING
AND FISHING. They are very short, with yellow or BROWN
COMPLEXION, DARK EYES AND HAIR, and SCANTY BEARDS. They are fast
dying out, especially since the advance westwards of the
Chukchee has lessened the number of WILD REINDEER. -- 1943
edition. Vol. 23, p. 874.



    There is another interesting characteristic of the Yukaghir ---
they lived in WIGWAMS just like the Lapps! Ethnologists have
noticed that the Yukaghir, Chukchee and the Koryak on the
Siberian side are IDENTICAL to the Dene, Tlingit and Haida on
the American side in physique, speech and customs. So where did
the Yukaghir, Chukchee and Koryak originate from?



The Lapps Move East!



    We have noted that the Canaanites in Scandinavia were pushed up
into the Arctic region by the waves of incoming Israelites.
Following a hunting and fishing economy and dependent upon the
REINDEER for almost every aspect of their lives they, like their
descendants the North American Indians, followed the herds in
their annual migrations. In the summer the reindeer herds
migrated EAST along the tundra of the North Slope looking for
food -- and the Lapps followed them. Eventually they penetrated
as far as Central Siberia and the area of the LENA RIVER.



    The Lenni Lenape were the SAME stock as the Migrating LAPPS,
and therefore descendants of the Canaanites! Nordenstreng, in
his Europas manniskoraser och folkslag (page 237), tells us that
the crania of the Lapps are wide and short. In most cases they
have a BROWNISH COMPLEXION, although one occasionally may see a
light-complexioned one.



    "Their hair is most often dark, straight, and coarse....The
Lapps IN RUSSIA have grey eyes, but those in NORWAY, FINLAND,
and SWEDEN have DARK EYES. as far as the Lapps are concerned,
the growth of the beard is sparse and straggling." And, note
this, "further characteristics of the Lapp type are relatively
LONG ARMS and SHORT LEGS. The Lapp type has several features
which are SIMILAR TO THE MONGOLIAN, yet WITHOUT the
characteristically OBLIQUE EYES and the FLAT, WIDE NOSE" (pages
237, 238). In other words, the LAPPS ARE NOT MONGOLOID --
NEITHER ARE THE AMERICAN INDIANS!



    The Canaanites reached the New World by many routes --
including that of the Bering Strait.



Other Evidence



    In 1838 a stone with strange markings was dug out of a mound
near the Ohio River. Known as the GRAVE CREEK STONE, this
artifact has caused much controversy in scholastic circles. M.
Levy Bing reported to the Congress of Americanists at Nancy, in
1875, that he found 23 CANAANITE LETTERS in the inscription!



    Barry Fell, author of numerous books on ancient civilizations,
translated the inscription to read:

"The mound raised-on-high for Tasach

This tile

[His] queen caused-to-be-made."



    Professor Fell identified the language of the Grave Creek stone
as SPANISH PUNIC (closely related to the Canaanite) from the
first-millennium B.C.



    William F. Dankenbring, in his book Beyond Star Wars, records
the use of Hebrew-sounding words amongst various North American
tribes. Since Hebrew is very similar (almost identical) to the
old Phoenician, these words were probably of CANAANITE origin.
Says Dankenbring: "Say these two reputable scientists of the
last century [Mariano Edward Rivero and John James von Tschudi],
'The use of Hebrew words [probably Phoenician] was NOT uncommon
in the religious performances of the NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS, and
Adair assures us that they called an accused or guilty person:
HAKSIT CANAHA, "A SINNER OF CANAAN;" and to him who was
inattentive to religious worship, they said, TSCHI HAKSIT
CANAHA, "YOU RESEMBLE A SINNER OF CANAAN" ' " (Triumph
Publishing Co. 1978. Pp. 101-102).



    Dankenbring also notes that "the MIXTEC INDIANS [of CENTRAL
AMERICA] squeezed ROYAL PURPLE DYE out of the SNAIL Purpura
patula of the Pacific Ocean, much as the PHOENICIANS extracted
the dye from the SNAILS Murex truncatus and Murex brandaris in
the Mediterranean. Obviously, this knowledge was COMMUNICATED
ACROSS THE ATLANTIC" (Ibid., p. 87).



    More and more scholars are beginning to realize that peoples
from the Middle East and Europe reached the shores of the New
World long before Christopher Columbus or storm-lost Vikings.
"One STONE, found at Fort Benning, Georgia," writes Dankenbring,
"has unusual markings all over it. I saw the stone myself, and
took photographs of it....The inscription on the stone, he [Dr.
Cyrus Gordon] asserts, is in the WRITING STYLE OF CANAAN, the
promised land of the Hebrews" (Ibid., p. 82).



A Thorn in the Side



    The events in the Book of Mormon pertaining to migrations to
the New World are plainly bogus -- the American Indians on the
whole are NOT descended from the Hebrews. There are a few groups
of light-skinned Indians who may be descended from the
Israelites who LED the ancestors of the Maya to Mesoamerica, but
they are few and diluted by intermarriage. It is the ANGLO-SAXON
AMERICANS who are descended from the Hebrews, but that is
another story.



    On the other hand, the Indians are definitely NOT descended
from the Mongoloid peoples of Asia -- as modern anthropologists
would have you believe. The Indians of North, Central and South
America are descended from CANAANITE STOCK and arrived in the
New World by different routes -- some across the Atlantic Ocean,
others across the icy wastes of Siberia.



    It was ordained that the Canaanites would always be a THORN in
the side of Israel. Notes J. H. Allen:



    But where Israel and Dan are, there, too, MUST THE CANAANITE
BE, and it is a well-known fact that the settlers of southern
Ireland are a vastly different people from those of northern
Ireland, and that the difference IS IN THEIR ORIGIN, for they
sprang from a DIFFERENT RACE. Moses said to Israel: "But if ye
will not drive out the inhabitants of the land before you; then
it shall come to pass that those which ye let remain of them
SHALL BE PRICKS IN YOUR EYES AND THORNS IN YOUR SIDES, and shal
VEX YOU in the land wherein ye dwell." (Num. 33:55) The Lord
also said, "If ye do in anywise go back and cleave unto the
REMNANT OF THESE NATIONS, even those that remain among you, and
shall make marriages with them, and go in unto them, and they to
you; know for a certainty that the Lord your God will no more
drive out any of these nations from before you; BUT THEY SHALL
BE SNARES AND TRAPS UNTO YOU." (Josh. 23:12-13.) -- Judah's
Sceptre and Joseph's Birthright, p.287.



    How very true! The Canaanites have been a thorn in the side of
Israel in all her wanderings. When Joshua entered the Promised
Land of Palestine the Canaanites met them; and when The
Israelites entered the Promised Land of America the Canaanites
were there to meet them! God's Word never fails!









JACOB AND THE PILLAR-CRYPTS OF CRETE!



              The religious customs of Minoan Crete have long posed
questions in the minds of archaeologists and historians. What
purpose did the mysterious standing pillars, found in
underground crypts, serve? Why were the ancient Minoans so
preoccupied by the bull and the symbolism associated with it?
Were the religious practices of Crete influenced by those of
Egypt and, if so, HOW did this come about? A study of history
and the ancient genealogical records reveal a close link between
Egypt and Crete -- a link that served as a stepping-stone to the
civilizations of Atlantis and Mycenaean Greece!





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